Team Player Essay Example For Students

Cooperative person Essay Joshua Santiago Dr. Harvey Levine/BCC3-28-01 FITE pg270 Extended Definition EssayENC 1101/Pines Center 630 WordsA great cooperative person has numerous constructive traits, they incorporate; a colossal character, he/she adds to the group, and can rouse others. The word reference characterizes a cooperative person as somebody who is happy to work helpfully with others and to subordinate individual enthusiasm for request to accomplish a shared objective. Cooperative people are found in a large number of territories, including sports, work, family, and the military. The principal quality of a decent cooperative person must have a colossal character, including such traits as; being well disposed, thoughtful and key when managing issues, and strategic. A well disposed character is important to help keep the group working in congruity. It is imperative to have a benevolent character so partners won't be hesitant to move toward the cooperative person with an issue. A decent cooperative person must be careful and vital when managing other colleagues. A decent cooperative person that is thoughtful and key will consistently have the regard of his/her colleagues. At the point when a decent cooperative person has the regard of the group, it will positively affect his/her capacity to intervene when issues emerge. The strategic expertise a decent cooperative person forces will assist with bringing any questions that the group may have with one another or another person to a brisk and quiet arrangement. These ascribes are basic to keeping the group in good shape until they complete their objective. We will compose a custom exposition on Team Player explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The second significant characteristic of a decent cooperative person is that he/she adds to the group. A decent cooperative person will talk about his/her thoughts, put in additional energy, and will contribute financially. By talking about thoughts with other colleagues, a decent cooperative person is utilizing a strategy called â€Å"participating leadership†. Taking part initiative allows the whole group to tackle issues, and work together to finish an objective. This strategy causes each individual from the group to feel like he/she is a basic piece of a more noteworthy entirety. Investing additional energy towards tackling a group objective is a significant trait of a decent cooperative person. At the point when a decent cooperative person gives his/her chance to partners, he/she is held in high commendation. This will make other colleagues set forth extra exertion. What's more, a decent cooperative person will contribute fiscally. Great cooperative person contributes tho ughts, time, and cash to bring the assurance of the entire group to the most elevated conceivable level. The third significant trait of a decent cooperative person is that he/she is a spark. A decent cooperative person rouses the individuals around him/her by continually having an uplifting disposition. He/she is normally perceived by the remainder of the group as the pioneer and should set a genuine model for others to follow. There are two different ways a cooperative person can propel colleagues. Great cooperative people are continually making progress toward the fruitful finishing of an objective and they continually need the group to be effective. A decent cooperative person makes progress toward fruition of an objective by demonstrating no worry for his/her own individual need. This will make the cooperation as a strong unit. Therefore, the group will be effective and show extraordinary pride and poise in their work. Great cooperative people can be found in a wide range of gatherings, these incorporate; sports groups, at work, at home, and in the military. To be a decent cooperative person, one can't be childish or need acknowledgment for his/her individual achievements. A decent cooperative person will consistently put the requirements of the group in front of his/her own needs. In the event that a group didn’t cooperate, at that point what might be the outcome?Mythology Essays

Common Size Analysis free essay sample

Basic Size Statements are utilized to analyze fiscal summaries of various size organizations, or of a similar organization over various periods. Normal size examination (additionally called vertical investigation) communicates each detail on a solitary years budget summary as a percent. The base sum for the monetary record is normally all out resources (which is a similar number as all out liabilities in addition to investors value), and for the salary proclamation it is generally net deals or incomes. By contrasting at least two years of basic size explanations, changes in the blend of benefits, liabilities, and value become obvious. On the pay explanation, changes in the blend of incomes and in the spending for various kinds of costs can be recognized The proportions frequently are communicated as rates of the reference sum. Basic size articulations for the most part are set up for the pay explanation and accounting report, communicating data as follows: * Income proclamation things communicated as a level of absolute income * Balance sheet things communicated as a level of complete resources Comparisons Between Companies (Cross-Sectional Analysis) An organization may decide to use budget summaries of this sort to introduce a brisk depiction of the amount of the company’s gathered or produced income is going toward each operational capacity inside the association. We will compose a custom article test on Regular Size Analysis or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The utilization of a typical size proclamation can make it conceivable to rapidly recognize territories that might be using a greater amount of the working capital than is viable at that point, and permit budgetary changes to be executed to address the circumstance. The basic size articulation can likewise be a useful instrument in looking at the money related structures and activity systems of two distinct organizations. The utilization of rates in the normal size articulations expels the issue of which organization produces more income, and welcomes the emphasis on how the income is used inside every one of the two organizations. Regularly, the utilization of a typical size explanation thusly can assist with distinguishing regions where each organization is using assets productively, just as territories where there is opportunity to get better. Regular size explanations can be set up for any survey period wanted. Organizations that decide to utilize fiscal summaries of this sort may decide to use this configuration for quarterly, semi-yearly, or yearly audits.

History Tutoring How to use key figures to ace your history exams

This guy ring a bell? The old method just doesn’t work. I don’t know how many times I’ve been told to â€Å"re-read the chapters and just go over my notes† in preparation for a history exam, but after years of study on my own and with my history tutoring students in New York, I’ve come to realize that there’s definitely a better way to process and to memorize historical facts in preparation for testing. So what does work? Whether you’re studying for your high school history class, the SAT II, or AP US or World History, the key is to switch things up and to be ready to put a little extra time in. By shifting gears, you’ll be turning your studying into an active rather than a passive exercise, and your brain will start to organize the storylines through new patterns that’ll be easier to recall than the themes presented in your text book. How to base your studying on key figures Here’s an example: one of my students who attends a prep school in New York City recently took an exam for his AP European History class on the Protestant Reformation. Admittedly, this can get a little boring – and his dry textbook was doing him no favors. But in putting together a study guide, we decided to organize the facts by key figures, like John Calvin up there, rather than through chronology. This helped my student to create more dynamic examples, to re-chart some of the major narratives in a way that was easier to remember, and to give him some concrete footholds in telling these stories to himself – rather than trying to remember the sort vague idea that many Protestants and Catholics were sentenced to death for their ideas throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, we made separate entries for people like Michael Servetus (1509-1553), Spanish polymath, theologian, and humanist, burnt at the stake (grisly!) in Geneva (home of John Calvin) for heresy. Not only does this person-based approach to studying history give you vivid imagery and firmer hooks to hang your understanding of historical change on, it’s also what will help you score extra points on all your standardized tests. I can guarantee that any history class you take in high school or college – along with AP US, Euro, and World History – will include a graded essay. And pointing to specific people and events to support your claims helps you to score higher across the board. These essay-crafting techniques are another thing I emphasize with my students, but all the tricks in the world won’t help unless you have a healthy pool of historical facts to draw on. So give this technique a try for your next exam. It might require a total re-write of your class notes, but that task of reorganization will be half the battle. Not only will the facts stay with you longer this way, but you’ll also start to find these narratives arcs looking more dynamic – both in your textbook and in your next essay. ;

Review of Diary of a Wimpy Kid The Last Straw

In Jeff Kinneys third novel in cartoons, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Last Straw, middle school student Greg Heffley continues the hilarious saga of his life. Once again, as he did in Diary of a Wimpy Kid and in Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules, Jeff Kinney has done a masterful job, in words and pictures, of illustrating the general goofiness that comes with being a self-centered adolescent and the funny things that happen as a result. Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Last Straw: The Story Greg starts his diary by complaining about how his familys New Years self-improvement resolutions are disrupting his life. His little brother is crabby because he is giving up his pacifier; his father is crabby because hes dieting, and his mom is wearing embarrassing exercise clothes. Greg also complains that the family member that needs the most self-improvement — his brother Roderick — hasnt made any resolutions at all. As for Greg, Well, the problem is, its not easy for me to think of ways to improve myself because Im already one of the best people I know. The diary continues with tales about Gregs antics at school and at home as he tries to avoid homework, washing his clothes, and his fathers attempt to get him to be more like his bosss kids, who are active and fit athletes. The emphasis in Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Last Straw focuses much less on Gregs skirmishes with his older brother and much more on his skirmishes with his father and his growing interest in girls, specifically, a girl named Holly Hills. Between joining the Boy Scouts and going camping in an effort to appease his father and thinking up schemes to attract Hollys attention, Greg is a busy boy. By the end of the book, theres a happy ending, which according to Greg, is as it should be. After all, as Greg says, I dont know anyone who deserves to catch a break more than me. Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Last Straw: Our Recommendation Tweens and teens from fourth grade through middle school have made every book in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series a hit. Why? As we’ve said before, â€Å"We think it’s the emphasis on concerns that tweens and teens actually have, presented with hyperbole and a very funny perspective, that of the main character, Greg Heffley, who narrates the story through his diary entries. Kids really identify with Greg, a goofy, self-centered and funny middle schooler who deals with a variety of problems, many of his own making.† Like the other books in the series, we recommend it for tweens and younger teens. If you have a reluctant reader in your family, you may be pleasantly surprised at how interested they are in reading Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Last Straw and the other books in the series. While it’s not necessary to read the books in the series in order to enjoy them, we recommend doing so. By building on their knowledge of Greg and his family and friends from the first book on, readers will gain the maximum enjoyment out of each of the books. (Amulet Books, An Imprint of Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 2009. ISBN: 9780810970687)

The Health Problem Of Interest - 1169 Words

Problem: Describe the health problem of interest. (2 paragraphs) The health problem of interest is sickle cell disease. Sickle Cell Disease is also called Sickle Cell Anemia. Sickle Cell disease is an inherited blood disorder which means it s not contagious. Anybody that has sickle cell disease, must have two defective hemoglobin genes from each parent. If a person has only one hemoglobin gene that is sickled and the other hemoglobin gene is normal the person will have the sickle cell trait. Hemoglobin is a molecule in the red blood cell that helps carry oxygen. There is an error in the hemoglobin that causes the cell to be sickled. This disease deforms the red blood cells shape from a disc like shape meaning the red blood cells are healthy to a crescent moon shape meaning that s unhealthy. The one thing in common that people either have the disease or trait is they are immune from catching malaria. In this disease the unhealthy sickled cells blockade the small arteries and veins which causes oxygen depletion to all the tissues and critical organs in the human body. The damaged tissues surrounding the veins and arteries causes infection, Congestive Heart Failure, Kidney Failure , Stroke, chronic anemia, Blood Clots and, Painful Episodes. This disease causes the increase of risk in a lot of health problems such as acute chest syndrome, leg ulcers, muscle pain, intracranial hemorrhages and, pulmonary hypertension. There are major warning signs of sickle cellShow MoreRelatedThe President Run Into When Initiating The Healthcare Reform And Why?1126 Words   |  5 PagesMarch 6, 2017 Response Paper 5 Question 1 What immediate problem did the president run into when initiating the healthcare reform and why? Answer The immediate problem was that was it possible for the White House to agree and act jointly with the President on the healthcare reform. The reason is because too many healthcare reforms had been failed and it was a very big step to take. Question 2 Obama’s administration believed that taking on a health care reform is a test of what in American politics? AccordingRead MoreGlobal Health Policy Making Is A Complex And Often, Unpredictable, Process1460 Words   |  6 Pagesissues in global health policy-making is a complex and often, unpredictable, process. Need, discourse, funding, and a number of other factors influence the prominence an issue takes in the policy arena. Here, it is proposed that funding is the main driver of global health policy priorities coupled with the interests of key donors and constraints on their actions. It is further argued that the control funding bodies hold over policy priorities can be detrimental when their interests do not reflectRead MoreQuestion 1. What Immediate Problem Did The President Run1113 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion 1 What immediate problem did the president run into when initiating the healthcare reform and why? Answer The immediate problem was that was it possible for the White House to agree and act jointly with the President on the healthcare reform. The reason is because too many healthcare reforms had been failed and it was a very big step to take. Question 2 Obama’s administration believed that taking on a health care reform is a test of what in American politics? According to Obama, it was intendedRead MoreThe Policy Process1582 Words   |  7 PagesLittleton The Policy Process In today’s health care system it is constantly improving and changing, due to the demands of the health care system. For this to happen new policies must be created or even improving old policies. Congress is involved in the process of policy making; including three stages such as foundation stage, legislative stage, and implementation stage. 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Thus, due to the closing or changes in these types of programs, Saratoga County no longer offers safe supportive places for many SPMI Individuals to spend their days. Why the Social Problem is Important Many SPMI individuals in Saratoga County who have nowhere to go during the day often remain isolated in their homes. For those in group homes, who are told they have to be out of the home at a certain time during the day, with nowhereRead MoreMedical Indicator, Patient References, Quality Of Life, Contextual Features1163 Words   |  5 PagesThere is a heartbreaking decision that needs to be made regarding the life of T. B. The family nor the health care providers could agree on what will be in the best interest of the patient, so this situation has come to us on what should be done. We must come to an agreement today on what is in the best interests of T.B. I have reviewed all the evidence which includes evaluating the medical indicator, patient references, quality of life, contextual features. All of this will help me decide on what

Diversity Within English Essay Example For Students

Diversity Within English Essay In order to understand how language variation descriptors are used, we first must understand what language variation is. We can say that the U.S. is linguistically diverse because of the multitude of languages spoken here, but we can also find diversity within these languages. All languages have both dialectical variations and registral variations. These variations, or dialects, can differ in lexicon, phonology, and/or syntax from the Standard Language that we often think of as correct Language, although they are not necessarily less proper than, say, Standard English. It depends on where, by whom, and in what situation the dialect is used as to whether or not it is appropriate. Most people are familiar with regional dialects, such as Boston, Brooklyn, or Southern. These types of variations usually occur because of immigration and settlement patterns. People tend to seek out others like themselves. Regional variations tend to become more pronounced as the speech community is more isolated by physical geography, i.e. mountain ranges, rivers. Linguists have done extensive studies on regional dialects, producing detailed Linguistic Atlases. Many linguists can tell where a person is from just by knowing whether a person carries groceries home from the supermarket in a paper bag or from the grocery store in a paper sack (Yule 184). And the person who comes home from the supermarket with a paper sack serves to remind us that language variation is not a discrete, but rather a continuous variable. Characteristics of the dialect are more pronounced in the center of the speech community and tend to be less discernible at the outer boundaries, where they often overlap other regional dialects. Within, and between, these regional variations we find the social dialects. The primary social factors that influence dialects are class, education, occupation, ethnicity, sex, and age (Ferguson 52, Yule 191). And social dialects can vary on any or all three descriptor levels; syntax or grammar, lexicon or vocabulary, and phonetics or pronunciation. Social dialects are also where the described differences are often defined as stigmatized or nonstigmatized (Ferguson 52). Stigmatized items include use of the double negative (grammar), substituting the d sound for the leading th and losing sounds like the middle r and the final g in ing (pronunciation), and stylistic choices such as puke for vomit (vocabulary). There are three main types of reactions to these socially significant items. 1. Social indicators the speaker, and often the listener, is not aware that these items are socially significant in revealing ones social status, so the speaker makes no attempt to avoid them when speaking in a more formal style. This would be someone who wants to take your picture, rather than your photograph.2. Social markers the speaker is sensitive to these items and will avoid them in a more formal style of speech, although the speaker may not be fully aware of why. Examples would be avoiding contractions, and phrases like gonna or didja. Social markers are much more prevalent in American English than social indicators. 3. Social stereotypes even speakers who regularly use these types of dialects are fully aware of the stigma attached to them. Social stereotypes would include the copula deletion in Black English, and the loosing of sounds a la Joe Pesci that produce phrases such as doze tree guys. Closely related to these social class factors are education and occupation. While occupations often produce their own jargons, a persons occupation will also determine what style of speech is used. A lawyer and a laborer would not be likely to use the same dialect on the job. Likewise, a person with little education is not likely to use the same style of speech as a college professor. This does not imply that the lawyer and college professor speak a better variety of English, but because of more exposure to, and familiarity with written English, which is usually Standard English, they tend to speak that way, also. And because many people think of Standard English as the norm, they also think of it as the more perfect English. .uc0e9afe661cfe94210795d653ce0ddaa , .uc0e9afe661cfe94210795d653ce0ddaa .postImageUrl , .uc0e9afe661cfe94210795d653ce0ddaa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc0e9afe661cfe94210795d653ce0ddaa , .uc0e9afe661cfe94210795d653ce0ddaa:hover , .uc0e9afe661cfe94210795d653ce0ddaa:visited , .uc0e9afe661cfe94210795d653ce0ddaa:active { border:0!important; } .uc0e9afe661cfe94210795d653ce0ddaa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc0e9afe661cfe94210795d653ce0ddaa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc0e9afe661cfe94210795d653ce0ddaa:active , .uc0e9afe661cfe94210795d653ce0ddaa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc0e9afe661cfe94210795d653ce0ddaa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc0e9afe661cfe94210795d653ce0ddaa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc0e9afe661cfe94210795d653ce0ddaa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc0e9afe661cfe94210795d653ce0ddaa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc0e9afe661cfe94210795d653ce0ddaa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc0e9afe661cfe94210795d653ce0ddaa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc0e9afe661cfe94210795d653ce0ddaa .uc0e9afe661cfe94210795d653ce0ddaa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc0e9afe661cfe94210795d653ce0ddaa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Doctrine Of The Mean Aristotle EssayEthnicity often produces language variation, particularly among recent immigrants. But this would not explain the endurance of Black English and Chicano English. The rather widespread survival of these dialects seems to stem from the social isolation of the speakers (discrimination, segregation), which tends to make the variations more obvious. Because the group itself is stigmatized its dialect is stigmatized by association. Thus, the deletion of the copula is considered bad speech, although Arabic and Russian also have structures that leave out the copula and they are not bad (Yule 192). The sex, or gender, of the speaker has an impact on the selection of vocabulary. Dialect surveys have concluded that women are more apt to use prestigious forms of speech, while males tend to use more stigmatized variants. Females are often the first to adopt new prestige variants and introduce them into a speech community, also (Ferguson 158). Age factors in language variation in two ways. First, there is the generational differences. As the younger members of a speech community adopt new variants, the older members may not be affected, opting instead to use their traditional dialects. To compare the differences between the old and the new variations is to compare changes from one time period to another. The second way that age produces change is over time, to correspond with various stages of an individuals life. This is particularly evident in teen slang. While this kind of slang does not generally hold over from one generation to the next, the teens that used it generally do not carry it into middle age, either. Far out and groovy were perfectly acceptable vocabulary for a young adult in the 1960s, but no one wants to hear their grandparents use those terms. Styles of speech, as shown above, cut across all the other factors, thereby further increasing language diversity. Style ranges from formal to informal with gradient variation in between. Formal speech is used when we are paying close attention to our speech. The more attention paid, the more formal the style. Style effects speech throughout a persons lifetime, but there is less style variation found among young people and older people. Young people, particularly adolescents, tend to use informal speech; probably because they are not comfortable with more formal styles. Older people tend to use the style they have become accustomed to, be it formal or informal, with less variation in style than their adult children (Ferguson 59). Another variable that is similar to style is register. This is a situational factor. Registers vary in vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. The legal register is quite formal, the scholarly journal register can be quite formal (and boring), but other registers, such as the way we talk to babies or animals are quite informal. Registers tend to be more rigid than stylistic variations. After all, in what other situation would a person use vocabulary and sentences like, Coocheecoo! I got your little toe, or, Youre just the cutest little thing,. Oh, yes you are. Youre just the cutest little thing I ever did see! except when talking to a very small baby? Register variations are qualitative, qualitative being when the linguistic forms are not found in other variations. Differences between other dialects are often quantitative. Certain elements of one dialect are found in other dialects, to a greater or lesser degree or frequency. Using in for ing, as in goin is universal across status gr oups, but it is found almost twice as often in the lower working class than in the lower middle class, and almost four times more than in the upper middle class (Ferguson 61). With all these different variables that intersect and overlap with the different dialect variations is is a wonder that any sense can be made of American English at all. But there two other important point to remember. Language universals such as displacement, arbitrariness, productivity, cultural transmission, discreteness and duality are unique to human language (Yule 22) and provides a base or norm for measuring variations. Implicational relationships provide a way of measuring relative distance between the different variations and also serve as a means to predict changes in individual dialects (Ferguson 66). Works ConsultedFerguson, Charles A., and Shirley Brice Heath, eds. Language in the USA. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1981. .u74d566f961a71e1eec4ff31689dbb4f7 , .u74d566f961a71e1eec4ff31689dbb4f7 .postImageUrl , .u74d566f961a71e1eec4ff31689dbb4f7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u74d566f961a71e1eec4ff31689dbb4f7 , .u74d566f961a71e1eec4ff31689dbb4f7:hover , .u74d566f961a71e1eec4ff31689dbb4f7:visited , .u74d566f961a71e1eec4ff31689dbb4f7:active { border:0!important; } .u74d566f961a71e1eec4ff31689dbb4f7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u74d566f961a71e1eec4ff31689dbb4f7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u74d566f961a71e1eec4ff31689dbb4f7:active , .u74d566f961a71e1eec4ff31689dbb4f7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u74d566f961a71e1eec4ff31689dbb4f7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u74d566f961a71e1eec4ff31689dbb4f7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u74d566f961a71e1eec4ff31689dbb4f7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u74d566f961a71e1eec4ff31689dbb4f7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u74d566f961a71e1eec4ff31689dbb4f7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u74d566f961a71e1eec4ff31689dbb4f7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u74d566f961a71e1eec4ff31689dbb4f7 .u74d566f961a71e1eec4ff31689dbb4f7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u74d566f961a71e1eec4ff31689dbb4f7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Arts Administration - Managing the Arts Presentation EssayPiatt, Bill. Only English? Law and Language Policy in the United States. Albuquerque:U of New Mexico P, 1990. Yule, George. The Study of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1985. Words/ Pages : 1,559 / 24

Uk Inflation Essays - Inflation, ADAS Model, Macroeconomics

Uk Inflation Macroeconomics History, causes and costs of Inflation in the UK economy Before starting to explain inflation it is necessary first to define it. Inflation can be described as a positive rate of growth in the general price level of goods and services. It is measured as a percentage increase over time in a price index such as the GDP deflator or the Retail Price Index. The RPI is a basket of over six hundred different goods and services, weighted according to the percentage of how much household income they take up. There are two measurements of this: the headline rate (includes all the items in the basket) and the underlying rate (RPIX) which excludes mortgage interest payments. It is the RPIX which is used more often in this country, as a feature of the UK when compared to the rest of Europe is a very high proportion of owner/occupier homeowners. This means that many people have mortgages, and as such, changes in interest rates (to control inflation) can artificially raise the headline rate. Causes of Inflation There are two main causes of inflation, 1) Demand Pull Inflation This is where the total demand for goods and services in the economy exceeds the total supply. This happens after excessive growth in aggregate demand, and creates an inflationary gap. Excess demand in the economy drives up prices, and high prices mean that Suppliers want to produce more units of their product in order to make more money. To supply more, they must increase their production capacity, and the easiest way to do this in the short run is to increase the amount of labour they employ. This means that they are paying more wages, so people will have more disposable income, and hence there is more demand in the economy. Demand pull inflation is often monetary in origin: when the money supply grows faster than the ability of the economy to supply goods and services. This concept is explained by the Quantity Theory of Money. The quantity theory of money holds that changes in the general level of prices are directly proportional to changes in the quantity of money. It is obvious though, that merely an increase in the supply would have no effect on prices. The increase must be spent in order for this to happen. This is where velocity of circulation (V) becomes important. If the total amount of all transactions is T, and the total amount of money is M, then M/T = V If you add P as the average price level, then you have the Equation of Exchange: MV = PT This tells you that, when V is constant, a change in M will lead to a change in P or T, or both. If full employment conditions exist, then an increase in T is not possible in the short run, so an increase in M will result in an increase in P. If V is variable, an increase in M can be accompanied by an increase in V. This would cause total spending to rise by much more than the increase in M, which is one of the causes of high inflation. When prices begin to rise rapidly, people become reluctant to hold money they want to exchange it for goods and services as quickly as possible. This can lead to an inflationary spiral, as demand-pull is aggravated as excess demand (and hence prices) again increase. Monetarists believe that there is a fairly stable relationship between the demand for money and total income (nominal GDP). The demand for income is seen as being determined mainly by the transactions motive (the amount of money people hold for day to day living costs) and for this reason it will be closely related to the level of income. If you say that the demand for money is a stable function of GDP, it is the same as saying that V is a stable function of GDP. For example, say that at any moment in time, people wish to hold money balances equivalent to 25% of GDP, and that the money supply, is, in fact, equal to 25% GDP. This means that the market for money is in equilibrium. In this situation, V = 4 (V = M/T). Now assume that

Why IQ Tests Dont Test Intelligence Essays - Psychometrics

Why IQ Tests Dont Test Intelligence Essays - Psychometrics Why IQ tests don't test intelligence Psychology The task of trying to quantify a person?s intelligence has been a goal of psychologists since before the beginning of this century. The Binet-Simon scales were first proposed in 1905 in Paris, France and various sorts of tests have been evolving ever since. One of the important questions that always comes up regarding these tools is what are the tests really measuring? Are they measuring a person?s intelligence? Their ability to perform well on standardized tests? Or just some arbitrary quantity of the person?s IQ? When examining the situations around which these tests are given and the content of the tests themselves, it becomes apparent that however useful the tests may be for standardizing a group?s intellectual ability, they are not a good indicator of intelligence. To issue a truly standardized test, the testing environment should be the same for everyone involved. If anything has been learned from the psychology of perception, it is clear that a person?s environment has a great deal to do with their cognitive abilities. Is the light flickering? Is the paint on the walls an unsettling shade? Is the temperature too hot or too cold? Is the chair uncomfortable? Or in the worst case, do they have an illness that day? To test a person?s mind, it is necessary to utilize their body in the process. If everyone?s body is placed in different conditions during the testing, how is it expected to get standardized results across all the subjects? Because of this assumption that everyone will perform equally independent of their environment, intelligence test scores are skewed and cannot be viewed as standardized, and definitely not as an example of a person?s intelligence. It is obvious that a person?s intelligence stems from a variety of traits. A few of these that are often tested are reading comprehension, vocabulary, and spatial relations. But this is not all that goes into it. What about physical intelligence, conversational intelligence, social intelligence, survival intelligence, and the slew of others that go into everyday life? Why are these important traits not figured into intelligence tests? Granted, normal standardized tests certainly get predictable results where academics are concerned, but they should not be considered good indicators of general intelligence because of the glaring omissions they make in the testing process. To really gauge a person?s intelligence, it would be necessary to put them through a rigorous set of real-life trials and document their performance. Otherwise the standardized IQ tests of today are testing an extremely limited quality of a person?s character that can hardly be referred to as intelligence. For the sake of brevity, I will quickly mention a few other common criticisms of modern IQ tests. They have no way to compensate for cultural differences. People use different methods to solve problems. People?s reading strategies differ. Speed is not always the best way to tackle a problem. There is often too much emphasis placed on vocabulary. Each of these points warrants individual treatment, and for more information refer to The Triarchic Mind by RJ Sternberg (Penguin Books, 1988, p18-36). It is possible to classify all the reasons that IQ tests fail at their task into two main groups. The first grouping is where the tests assume too much. Examples of this flaw are the assumption that speed is always good, vocabulary is a good indicator of intelligence, and that different test taking environments won?t affect the outcome. The second grouping comes because the tests gauge the wrong items. Examples of this are different culture groups being asked to take the same tests as everyone else, and the fact that the tests ignore so many types of intelligence (like physical, social, etc). These two groupings illustrate where the major failings of popular IQ tests occur and can be used as tools for judging others. IQ tests are not good indicators for a person?s overall intelligence, but as their use has shown, they are extremely helpful in making predictions about how a person will perform in an academic setting. Perhaps the problem comes in the name intelligence tests when it is obvious this is not what they really are. The modern IQ test definitely has its applications in today?s society but should be

Accounting Theory Question

What is positive accounting theory? how does it differ from normative accounting theory? what was/were the major dissatisfaction(s) with normative accounting theory which led to the development of a positive theory accounting? 2. Explain the meaning of an efficient market. what is meant by the following terms: weak-form efficiency, semistrong-form efficiency, strong-form efficiency? which form is the most important to accounting research? why? Explain the important of examining the impact the profit on share prices for financial analysis. can this analysis be used to make abnormal returns from the share markets? 4. Does study of the information content of profits announcements explain why firms use particular accounting practice? does it help to predict which firms will use particular accounting practices? 5. Give reasons that non-linear model relating unexpected returns to share prices would provide a more precise estimate of the earnings response coefficient (ERC). . Why would share prices have a greater reaction to the profit announcement released by small firm compared with those released by large firms? do you think this research has any implications for measurement issues in accounting or for formulation of accounting standards? 7. outline the research that has been undertaken on the impact of permanent and temporary increases in profits. why is this research important? 8. how will risk and uncertainty affect the valuation of a firm and, through this valuation model, the ERC? . The impact of profits for valuation has diminished over the years. what is the impact? how was the research adjusted to reflect this fact? 10. Outline a research project which explain how share prices are determined. would this project include factors other than accounting data? Briefly explain the outline the research of mechanistic hypothesis. what are the implications of the research? 12. Why would financial analysis be fooled by accounting numbers and provide optimistic and biased estimates of profits? an you offer a positive economic reason for their actions? 13. outline the different procedures that can be used to determine whether accounts have quality accruals or whether they create more noise. 14. what are the two main explanations for the association between the choice of high-quality auditor and a lower cost of debt or equity capital? 15. why do we have to be carefull drawing conclusions about causality based on studies using archival data?

International Marketing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

International Marketing Strategy - Essay Example The company whose headquarters are in Switzerland has embraced an international marketing program partly because its local market is too small to address its projections (Nestle.com, 2014). Nevertheless, the program has had associations with different matters. There was a boycott that was started in the 80s against the marketing of the infant formula that is manufactured by the company in the developing countries and has progressed from time to time (Multinationalmonitor.org, 1987). In the present times, the company has had to deal with issues associated with its growth through acquisitions. This paper will evaluate Nestles international marketing strategy with specific emphasis on the strategies it uses in Europe. The present set up of Nestle was established in the early 1900 when a company that has American owners and was based in Switzerland merged its operations with a company of Swiss origins (http://www.nestle.com.eg, 2014). Initially, the American company had been employing canning technology to process milk while the Swiss company had employed technology that had fruitfully marketed infant formula (Wilkins, 2004, p. 27). The company adopted the Swiss name and started a run of acquisitions as well as a global expansion program. The initial expansions, including in to the United States, took place as the First World War progressed (Encyclopedia.com, 1999). Even though the company was largely unaffected by the war particularly because of the neutrality of Switzerland, its main markets as well as sources of milk were heavily affected (Referenceforbusiness.com, 2014). This made the owners of the company to look for diversification so that they could make sure the company could survive this and other shakeups that may be faced in the market. After the war ended, the company continued its global expansion, creating new categories of products through acquisition as

MOD 5 FIN 301 CA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MOD 5 FIN 301 CA - Essay Example This paper aims to analyze the advantages and disadvantages for AMSC to forgo their debt financing and take on equity financing. AMSC can use its cash from equity financing to invest in the project or business without carrying the burden of debt on its back. In a period of financial turmoil, where businesses are faced with a credit crisis, equity financing helps in providing the necessary cash and reduces the risk of bankruptcy. By forgoing debt financing, AMSC is gaining a major advantage by using the cash to grow its business rather than paying a bank loan. Equity financing also brings new resources with itself such as valuable human capital which can provide necessary skills, contacts and experience to run the business. In addition to that, as the business grows over the period of time the investors are often willing to provide additional funding in case if it is needed so AMSC can have access to future sources of funding with the current owners. The owners of the equity can control the business without any interference from the creditors since the company will have no debt obligations. The biggest advanta ge lies in the fact that the business will be free from any interest costs thus it can boost its profits. Furthermore, during a recessionary period where there is a lack of credit in the economy, AMSC can have a chance to obtain funding through debt financing since it will have a lower Debt-to-Equity ratio. Financial institutions often extend credits to those corporations who have a lower Debt-to-Equity ratio in their balance sheets thus AMSC’s ability to borrow will be improved. Too much debt financing can tarnish the reputation of AMSC if they have already huge liabilities on their books. Finally, Corporations also collateralize their important assets due to debt financing and creditors impose certain stringent rules and regulations on the use of those collateralized assets which limits the ability of the organizations to use those assets

Development During Adolescence :: Human Development Teenagers Essays

Adolescence is the developmental stage between childhood and adulthood; it generally refers to a period ranging from age 12 or 13 through age 19 or 21. Although its beginning is often balanced with the beginning of puberty, adolescence is characterized by psychological and social stages as well as by biological changes. Adolescence can be prolonged, brief, or virtually nonexistent, depending on the type of culture in which it occurs. In societies that are simple, for example, the transition from childhood to adulthood tends to occur rather rapidly, and is marked by traditionally prescribed passage rites. to contrast this, American and European societies the transition period for young people has been steadily lengthening over the past 100 years, giving rise to an adolescent subculture. As a result of this prolonged transitional stage a variety of problems and concerns specifically associated with this age group have developed. Psychologists single out four areas that especially touch upon adolescent behavior and development: physiological change and growth; cognitive, or mental development; identity, or personality formation; and parent-adolescent relations. Physiological Change: Between the ages of 9 and 15, almost all young people undergo a rapid series of physiological changes, known as the adolescent growth spurt. These hormonal changes include an acceleration in the body's growth rate; the development of pubic hair; the appearance of axillary, or armpit, hair about two years later. There are changes in the structure and functioning of the reproductive organs; the mammary glands in girls; and development of the sweat glands, which often leads to an outbreak of acne. In both sexes, these physiological changes occur at different times. This period of change can prove to be very stressful for a pre-teen. For during this stage of life appearance is very important. An adolescent child who develops very early or extremely late can take a lot of ridicule from his or her peers. However, the time at which a girl goes through this stage and a male goes through it are different. Girls typically begin their growth spurt shortly after age 10. They tend to reach their peak around the age 12, and tend to finish by age 14. This spurt occurs almost two years later in boys. Therefore boys go through a troubling period where girls are taller and heavier than them. This awkward period occurs from ages ten and one-half to thirteen. Time is not the only difference in the pubescent period for boys and girls. In girls, the enlargement of the breasts is usually the first physical

Physicians Clash over Medical Ethics in Death Penalty Cases Essay

The news clipping is mainly about the dilemma doctors face. They are trained to save people. They did not choose their profession to punish law-violating citizens. Specifically, this topic has been given hype by Dr. Marc Stern who quit on his job of being the head doctor in the state of Washington’s prison whose responsibilities included maintaining the lethal injection table in order for the next death sentence. In the past several years, according to the article, medical ethics and death penalty has clashed. There are a number of instances in the past where doctors bailed out of the execution causing delay in the death penalty; case in point: Michael Morales. The article also stated that the problem does not stop here. This ethical dilemma against professional participation needs careful and further study. Capital punishment and justice would be difficult to serve if all doctors are concerned about ethics. Experts went as far as predicting capital punishment could end because of this ethical issues. Ethical dilemma The whole article is about ethical dilemma. Doctors do not want to continue participating in capital punishment (overseeing death penalties) as this poses ethical issues for them. Most of them belive the punishment is cruel and unusual. Also, doctors are trained to save lives and not to end it. Personal thoughts on the matter I understand that being an object to end another person’s life when one is trained to help save it could have severe impact on one’s conscience. The human world has become civilized enough over the course of history to preserve one another. It is even more emphasized in a doctor’s profession where preservation of mankind has been his chosen field and career. However, if all doctors feel this way, I can see the nation revolting. Without a trained professional in the death sentence chamber, there is no way an execution will happen. I can foresee various forms of protests because somehow, justice must be served according to the laws of the state. The person in death sentence was found guilty of an offense that demerits him his life. The family and friends of his victim/s have turned into the law for support to the injustice done to them. The law cannot fail these people because doctors cannot do their state-given responsibilities. There must be some doctors out there that are willing to do the job. I am not saying that the state must find conscienceless professional so that the death penalty can still be observed. There must be some doctors in the field that understand their moral obligations and their obligations to the state. Like it or not, the prosecution must be finished. They cannot let the convicted criminal die in the hands of non-professionals nor can they let the families and friends of the victims live in injustice.

Theme Of Identity, Bullying And Conformity In Jerry...

In the novel â€Å"Stargirl† by Jerry Spinelli the theme develops through identity, bullying and conformity. Stargirl’s identity plays a part in the theme because she is different than everybody else. Another topic that plays a role in the theme of â€Å"Stargirl† is bullying because the students bully Stargirl for being herself. The final topic that plays a role in developing the theme is conformity because Stargirl conforms to be like the others, but then she realises that she wants to be herself. There are many themes in â€Å"Stargirl†, but overall theme in the novel â€Å"Stargirl† is always be yourself. Identity shapes the theme of â€Å"Stargirl† because she isn’t happier when her peers accepted her, she is truly happy when she is herself. One of the first†¦show more content†¦This is when Leo and Kevin are filming hot seat with Stargirl and the student jury started asking some very rude things. Proving that bullying wi ll make Stargirl be someone she is not. An additional instance of bullying developing the theme is on page 165 it reads, â€Å"Classrooms, hallways, courtyard, lunchroom- everywhere I went I heard her disparaged, mocked, and slurred.† (Spinelli, page 165) This occurs after Stargirl tries to fit in but the students still bully her so a little later she decides that she should just be herself. This confirms that bullying will make Stargirl be someone she is not just to stop being bullied. Therefore this proves that bullying will force Stargirl to be someone she is not. The final topic that shapes the theme, always be yourself, in the book â€Å"Stargirl† is conformity because in Mica everybody is the same and when Stargirl gets there they want her to be like them, forcing Stargirl to conform if she wants to fit in, but Stargirl later finds that she doesn’t want to fit in, she just wants to be herself. An instance of conformity shaping the novel’s theme is o n page 10 where Leo explains â€Å"...we all wore the same clothes, talked the same way, ate the same food, listened to the same music.† (Spinelli, page 10). This is when Leo explains how everyone is the same. Proving that everybody in Mica acts the same way. Another example of conformity advancing the theme is on page 26 and Leo realises what makes Stargirl stand out â€Å"Because she wasShow MoreRelatedStargirl, A Microcosm of Societal Conformity Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pagespertained to as conformity. Conformity refers to the process by which an individuals attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours are influenced by other individuals. Except, how do these necessities manipulate a being? Social psychologists have conducted an assortment of experiments and concluded that, through a range of forms of social influence, groups can alter their members’ personality. Jerry Spinelli’s novel Stargirl depicts the physiological troubles with conformity as it’s main t heme. Furthermore it

The Problem Of Childhood Obesity - 1199 Words

It is a widely recognized fact that childhood obesity, which is defined as a body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to the 95th percentile in children, is a continually growing epidemic in this country. There are several factors causing obesity, with poor diet and physical inactivity being two of the major contributors. The policy problem that will be addressed is the lack of access to healthy food in certain areas of the community. Addressing this problem will improve the health status of a specific population (obese children). Addressing it may also help resolve one of the contemporary issues in this community. Justification/Significance A study performed by Ogden, Carroll, Kit, Flegal (2014) found that 17% of children in this†¦show more content†¦In addition to physical problems, obese children may also be at high risk for developing psychological problems such as low self-esteem, which may persist into adulthood. Background A food desert is an urban neighborhood or rural community without access to fresh, healthy, and affordable food (Ploeg, Breneman, Farrigan, Hamrick, Hopkins, Kaufman, ... Tuckermanty, 2009). In urban areas, residing more than one mile away from a grocery store that stocks fresh fruits, vegetables, and raw meat is considered living in a food desert. For rural areas, the threshold is 10 miles. It is estimated that 23.5 million people live in areas that are considered food deserts, with more than half of this number being low-income families. With non-existent or limited options, those people living in food deserts often have to rely on fast food restaurants and convenience stores for daily nourishment. The existence of food deserts can be explained simply by the principle of supply and demand. Since eating healthy generally can be costly, lower income families do not have the money to spend on foods that are of higher nutritional value. Economically speaking, decreased demand does no t justify increased supply. A good example of supply and demand is the fact that up until recently, the furniture company IKEA refused to open a store in Las Vegas because according to their research, there simply were not enough college graduates in this town. Oftentimes, large chain grocery stores are

The Legal Definition Of Marriage Essay - 1717 Words

In Australia marriage is the union between a women and a man, in the eyes of the law couples of the same sexual orientation is not considered a marriage. In this report it will contain the legal definition of marriage, the current legislation, the legal issues surrounding the law, foreign marriages and how to impact Australia, the rights of the stake holders, the social issues surrounding marriage, political ideas and views of marriage, the evaluation of the law, concluding with recommendation as well as a conclusion. 2.0 Investigation 2.1 Definition Marriage is the form of this institution under which a man and a woman have established their decision to live as husband and wife by legal commitments recognized of a union between a man and a woman as partners in a relationship. However this law does not apply to couples of the same sex. The same-sex couples are denied equal access to civil marriage. Same-sex couples who enter into a civil union are denied equal access to all the benefits, rights, and privileges provided by federal law to those of married couples. 2.2 Current legal situation The Australian Marriage Act 1961 is a law made by the Australian Parliament which regulates the rules for the recognition throughout Australia of marriages. The Act applies uniformly throughout Australia, and States and Territories are precluded from making any law inconsistent with the Act. In Australia marriage is the union between a man and a women. Australian marriage law doesShow MoreRelatedLegalization of Same-Sex Marriage1446 Words   |  6 Pagessame-sex marriage hits new high; half say Constitution guarantees right†). They have formed organizations, gone to court, and rioted all over the nation; but they are still being denied the simple right to marry (The Gay Rights Movement). Redefining marriage will allow all Americans access, regardless of sexual orientation, to rights given to heterosexual couples without serious social, financial, or legal detriment to society. Those who are against legalizing gay marriage feel that marriage is notRead MoreGay Marriage Should be Legal Essay1176 Words   |  5 Pages There can be no question about the definition of marriage. There is considerable evidence form history, the origins of the word, and even its current legal use. Yet, somehow there is still tension and confusion surrounding the issue of same-sex marriage. As the debate intensifies, emotional ones quickly replace rational thoughts. Lately, homosexuals carry out most of the fight for the right to be married. Of course, there are several other situations, in which people attempt to challenge traditionalRead MorePros and Cons of Not Having a Legal Definition for the Term Family in US1430 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The law is contained within the definitions of words. This, at times works in the favor of some while not in favor of others. The word family presents many new challenges within the legal frameworks of todays society because the word itself is hard to define. The purpose of this essays is to examine both the advantages and disadvantages of not having a universal legal definition for the term family in the United States. These perspectives are based in part due to the difficultyRead MoreSame Sex Marriage1643 Words   |  7 PagesSame-sex marriage has continuously been contradicted throughout our nation and so the arguments never seem to cease. Some argue the legality of same-sex marriage while others suggest that it compromises the sacredness of marriage. Various religious groups and their supporters in the U.S. tend to either support same-sex marriage or greatly oppose it, depending on their viewpoints and beliefs. Thus, the constant, bitter arguments between these parties. These two groups constantly argue over the validityRead MorePro Gay Marriage Argument1386 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Pro Gay Marriage The United States is currently embroiled in a battle over issues regarding civil rights of its citizens and what rights are constituted by that term. In the past, civil rights issues have been fought over womens rights and those of African Americans among others all in the name of seeking equality. Perhaps the most vocal group discussing civil rights in the United States at present are gay marriage activists who are fighting for same-sex couples to be able to marry. These individualsRead MoreGay Families are Still Families Essay1051 Words   |  5 Pagesstates that â€Å"family is a circle of friends that love you†, from a legal standpoint, the word â€Å"family† requires definition. Traditionally, a family has been defined as a married heterosexual couple and their children, but as more and more states are legalizing same-sex marriage, new questions arise. Regardless of ones position about whether gay marriage should be legal, it is clear that the definition of family is changing and the legal system will need to address these changes. Whether it is determiningRead MoreThe Role Of Cohabitation As A Form Of Relationship And The Reasons Why People Choose Co Habitation1250 Words   |  5 Pagesand the reasons why people prefer co-habitation relationship to formal marriage, including its social appeal. Furthermore, the paper attempts to proffer reasons why people choose co-habitation by examining the role agents of socialization-family, peer and education and mass media play in the decision making process of people who chose this type of relationship, including an explanation of the main differences between marriage and cohabitation. Finally, the paper concludes with reasons why and ifRead MoreDefinition Essay Marriage838 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is the Definition of Marriage? What is the definition of marriage? Over the years, the word marriage has been challenged from its current definition as listed in Merriam-Webster s Dictionary as an act of marrying or being married between a man and a woman. Marriage can also be defined in the Oxford Dictionary as the formal union of a man and a woman, typically recognized by law, by which they become husband and wife. The word marriage becomes a special type of bond between two people thatRead MoreA Tribute to Forever: A Walk Down the Aisle of the Evolution of Marriage 1081 Words   |  5 Pagesmany ways in which one can describe and define marriage. There are legal, biblical and personal definitions, each with its own distinct basis for its definition, but which is the right one? The decision of which definition is the right one depends on where one lives and what one believes. Marriage has evolved throughout history. In today’s society there are many different types of unions that can be viewed as marria ge. Today, when one thinks of marriage, they usually think of two people, deeply inRead MoreThe Issue Of Same Sex Marriage Essay1645 Words   |  7 PagesOverview On June 26, 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court, with a 5—4 majority decision, held that marriage is a fundamental right that should apply to same-sex couples based on the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause. Based on The Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution, all fifty states must license and recognize a marriage between two people of the same gender. This is a significant change in the history of the United States, and supporters of the case honor the five judges in their reasonable

Sin Taxes Free Essays

string(37) " foster sounder and safer decisions\." Principles and Processes of Government Budgeting| Sin Taxes, Good or Bad? | An Examination of the Use of Sin Taxes in the United States| By: Stacy Madden4/27/2012 | Executive Summary Historically sin taxes have been an effective and efficient way for the government to raise revenue. The federal government used tariffs and consumption taxes to generate almost all of its revenue in the early years of our nation. The tax structure and philosophy has evolved and changed since the beginning of our nation, however the use of sin taxes has remained a good way for governments to raise revenues. We will write a custom essay sample on Sin Taxes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sin taxes no longer provide a significant portion of federal or state governments; however they do provide a consistent stream of revenue. This paper examines the use of sin taxes in the United States. First, the paper provides a basic understanding of sin taxes, current definition, and history. Next, the paper outlines the goods and services most commonly targeted by sin taxes and provides information about the effectiveness of these taxes to raise revenue and accomplish policy outcomes. Common goods and services targeted by sin taxes include; tobacco, alcohol, fuel, hazardous chemicals, gambling, prostitution, pornography, and unhealthy foods. Lastly, the paper will examine the ethical and moral implications of sin taxes from the perspective of those who support and oppose the use of sin taxes in the United States. Introduction Ben Franklin adequately stated the importance of taxes with his famous quote, â€Å"but in the world nothing can be said to be certain except death and taxes. Citizens have vested governments with the power to tax in order to provide services for the common good. There are many different ways for a government to tax its citizens in order to raise revenues, ranging from taxes on income, wealth, and property, to taxes on goods and services. The United States uses many of these taxes in varying levels to raise the needed funds to carry out government business. Some taxes are generally accepted and uncontested, while others are highly politicize d and hard for Americans to accept. Presently, the federal government relies on income taxes for the bulk of its revenue whereas states and localities rely more heavily on other forms of taxes to raise money for their functions. The primary function of taxes is to raise revenue for the government, however governments have used taxes to help spark social change, punish those who partake of certain goods and services, or regulate the consumption of specific goods and services. In these instances, taxes move from matters of revenue to issues of social policy, acting as mechanisms to force certain behaviors from citizens. More specifically, sin taxes have been used in the United States to help change behavior or regulate the consumption of goods and services deemed as sinful. In this paper, I will define sin taxes and outline the political meaning of â€Å"sin,† provide a brief history of sin taxes and their use, examine the most common forms of sin taxes in the United States, and lastly discuss the ethical and moral implication of utilizing sin taxes as a mechanism of social change. Sin Tax, a Definition Before considering the implications of sin taxes and their influence on the behavior of Americans, it is important to define the term. Taxes, most generally, are levied by governments to raise revenue in order to conduct business in the public interest. The United States, utilizing a progressive income tax to raise the bulk of its revenue, possess a culture where citizens pay most of their taxes on time. (Mikesell 493) This system is not one that commonly uses taxes as a punishment, instead encouraging its citizens to pay their taxes for the common good and success of the nation as a whole. Noncompliance is low, and the government has even employed strategies to enhance payment, such as instruction and assistance. (Mikesell 494) Sin taxes, however, do not take this positive approach to raise revenue, instead, governments use their powers of taxation to punish behaviors when utilizing sin taxes. Most commonly, sin taxes are excise or consumption taxes that charge fees for guilty pleasures or human indulgence. Lorenzi, Sin Taxes 60) Sin taxes, therefore, are intended to encourage citizens to consume or use taxed items responsibly or discourage behavior associated with the consumption of taxed items. Goods or services generally taxed through sin tax policy have some common characteristics including inelastic demand, promote behavior that is harmful to the individual, and promote behavior that is harmful to others. Goods or services targeted by sin taxes have an inelastic demand because they are generally habitual, addictive, or highly pleasurable. Lorenzi, Sin Taxes 60) Further, these goods or services are targeted by sin tax legislation because consuming or utilizing the good or services can lead to self-destructive behavior, negative consequences for communities, and generally are considered socially undesirable. Thus, sin taxes are not prohibitive; citizens are allowed to consume targeted goods and services as long as the tax is not steep enough to make consumption of the good or service impossible. Viscusi 556) Further, the voluntary nature of sin taxes is generally more tolerable than involuntary nature of income taxes. (Schmidt, Barr and Swanson 1677) The most confusing and controversial element when considering sin taxes is the definition of sin. This word can be highly political and misleading, automatically making most think of sin in religious terms. However, sin, in the context of sin taxes, refers to addictive, self-destructive, and socially undesirable, behavior from the consumption of goods and services without crossing into religious doctrine. Lorenzi, Sin Taxes 60) In this context, then, sin is behavior that is undesirable enough to be targeted by taxes as a form of regulation or determent, but not so socially unacceptable to be illegal to the public. (Lorenzi, Sin Taxes 60) Therefore, sin taxes should not be considered as forms of punishment for poor consumption choices, but instead be a catalyst to foster sounder and safer decisions. You read "Sin Taxes" in category "Papers" (Viscusi 547) However, this can be a slippery slope, the limited use of taxes on goods and services deemed as sinful could grow and encompass others outside the scope of sin. Sin Tax History Sin taxes have a long history, originating with religious doctrine and the power of organized religions to collect fees. Popes levied the earliest forms of sin taxes on prostitutes, brothels, and the sale of indulgence to raise money for religious projects. (Lorenzi, Sin Taxes 59) Laws required prostitutes to designate half of her property and fortune to convents, and brothels were taxed continuing through the 16th century. Lorenzi, Sin Taxes 59) Further, Russian Czar Peter the Great imposed fees on the length of beards to tax vanity, and the Puritans used sin taxes to curb extravagance. (Lorenzi, Sin Taxes 59) The United States has a long history of utilizing taxes on socially undesirable goods and services to fund the government. In the early years of our democracy, the federal Government derived almost all its revenue from consumption taxes in the form of duties on imports and excise taxes on liquors and tobacco. American Economic Association 50) This tradition was set early when Congress enacted excise taxes on tobacco and snuff, refined sugar, distilled spirits, carriages, and property sold at auctions in order to finance the debts incurred during the Revolutionary War. (Hines 51) However, these taxes were not well received by a public that was over taxed by the British government and violent protests, in what was later coined the Whiskey Rebellion, resulted in the abolition of many unpopular excise taxes during the Jefferson Administration. Hines 52) The War of 1812 and the Civil War both required the federal Government to raise revenue and as a result old excise taxes were reinstated as well as taxes on gold, jewelry, silverware, watches, playing cards, feathers, patent medicines, billiard tables, leather, telegrams, yachts, and many other luxuries, however these taxes were quickly repealed once the wars were over. (Hines 62) The federal Government was permitted to levy a personal income tax with the 16th Amendment, which became the main source of revenue in 1913. Hines) Federal excise taxes did not completely disappear during this time; however prohibition severely limited the possible revenue of excise taxes before the Depression. The repeal of Prohibition and expansion of excise taxes on luxuries during the Depression helped to finance the increased federal spending of the New Deal Programs totaling more than 15 percent of the federal revenue in 1933. Hines 52) The expansion of programming during and following World War II required higher income taxes, fully transferring the bulk of government revenue away from excise and consumption taxes to the system we employ today. (Hines) The federal government still utilized some consumption and excise taxes, however these were limited to those goods and services mostly deemed socially undesirable, or sin taxes. Popular Goods and Services Taxed as â€Å"Sin† Tobacco and Alcohol The scope of goods and services targeted by sin taxes is limited in American society. The two oldest and most widely targeted goods are tobacco and alcohol. As evidenced in the history of sin taxes, alcohol and tobacco have been taxed to finance federal and state governments, particularly in slow fiscal times or to raise money for major legislation or wars. These goods have been targeted by sin tax legislation because they have the potential to raise money rather quickly, have been relatively accepted as sinful, and have direct casual relationships with health or social problems. Hines 63) Further, it is easier for governments to justify taxes on tobacco and alcohol to the public since both goods tend to have negative consequences for the public at large. Legislators can disguise taxes on tobacco and alcohol as regulations to help protect society from the health and social consequences resulting from overconsumption of these goods while requiring those who consume tobacco and alcohol to finance the consequences of their consumption choices. (Boyd and Seldon 365) Thus, in times of increasing taxes it is easier and more popular to increase taxes on goods instead of taxes on income. Cigarettes have been a major target of sin taxes in most recent history as the health risks have been widely publicized. In order to combat cigarette consumption, the federal government and many states have levied taxes on the production and/or sale of cigarettes. The rationale behind this tax is quite simple, those who partake in the pleasure of smoking should help pay for the health care required resulting from their choice. (Gruber 203) Today, all states and the federal government impose an excise tax on cigarettes, and these taxes are increasing as governments try to balance their budgets. American Medical Association 1909) Cigarette excise taxes are widely accepted in public opinion, the hazards of smoking have demonized the industry and those who choose to purchase the products. (Gruber 194) Utilizing sin taxation to regulate consumption of tobacco has been highly effective, according to the CDC, â€Å"A 10% increase in the price of cigarettes can reduce consumption by nearly 4% among adults and can have an even greater effect among youths and other price-sensitive groups. (American Medical Association 1909) Sin taxation on alcohol, while a widely targeted good, seems to be less popular and publicized in popular media. Taxes on alcohol tend to be lower than those on tobacco, and many states handle the sale of alcohol differently (alcohol license tax, state operated liquor stores, etc. ), making the tax less visible to the public. (Johnson and Meier 580) Further, it is harder to gauge the effect specific liquor, beer, and wine taxes have on consumption. For example, higher taxes increasing the price on one might cause consumers to substitute to another, more affordable alternative, such as substituting wine with beer. (Johnson and Meier 591) However, studies show increased prices on alcohol as a result of taxation have affected alcohol consumption rates to an extent even if it is minimal. (Boyd and Seldon 365) Sin taxation on both tobacco and alcohol have seemed to decrease the consumption of these goods while raising revenues for state and federal governments, however little attention is given to other factors affecting decreasing consumption rates. The American public has been flooded with messages about the dangers of smoking and national campaigns have worked to warn Americans to stop smoking, helping to decrease cigarette consumption in the United States along with the steep sin taxes increasing the prices. Further, many cities and states are adopting smoking bans in public places, limiting the accessibility of facilities for smokers. Also, there are very few substitutes for tobacco products, forcing smokers to either pay the tax or consume less. Political movements and tougher legislation against behavior resulting from alcohol consumption might be affecting consumption rates just as easily as increased prices resulting from sin taxes. Taxes on alcohol and tobacco can also increase production costs, causing producers to utilize their resources to raise other commodities that are not as heavily taxed, decreasing the overall production of tobacco and alcohol products. Boyd and Seldon 370) Further, lower consumption rates may not mean that consumption is actually dropping if consumers are turning to affordable black market substitutes. (Johnson and Meier 591) Environmental Americans have become increasingly accustomed to sin taxes that will help promote safer environmental practices and sustainability. Increased understanding of environmental factors surrounding pollution has increased the need for governmental regulation of emissions. As a result, the federal government has levied taxes on goods and services that contribute to pollution. The most common of these taxes is that on fuel; gasoline and diesel. Sin taxes levied on gasoline are intended to discourage driving and reduce pollution as well as traffic congestion in the process. (Hines 52) This tax is easy for government to justify since the majority of funds raised from the tax are spent on highway maintenance and construction. (Hines 52) While this tax may not have been enacted with â€Å"sin† regulation in mind, environmental regulation helps to justify it now, putting it in the â€Å"sin† category. Environmental sin taxes are not limited to fuel; they are also levied on gas-guzzler cars, heavy road vehicles, highway-type tires, and all forms of air transportation. (Hines 53) Ozone depleting chemicals also present an opportunity to tax environmental sin. Not only does the federal government limit the use of these hazardous chemicals, they are also taxed. (Hines 53) The strict regulation and higher taxes on these chemicals has severely reduced their production and use, almost making the usage limits irrelevant. Hines 53) In the future, scaled taxes on specific chemicals could help further reduce their use and potential harm to the ozone, however the federal government has not utilized sin taxes thoroughly enough to enact further environmental regulation. Gambling, Prostitution, and Pornography Gambling is a service that has been a target of sin taxes since the early years of our nation, easily defined as a sin but harder to single out and tax since it is not a good. The federal g overnment has not taxed gambling with the same enthusiasm as tobacco, alcohol, or fuel taxes. Taxing gambling in the United States is tricky, Native American and state sponsored gambling is tax free, and setting gambling taxes too high can cause taxpayers to turn to alternatives, such as illegal gaming establishments. (Schmidt, Barr and Swanson 1682) Further, it is harder for consumers to feel the effects of gambling taxes since most tax costs are not directly funded by service prices. Instead, most sin taxes are levied on the gaming establishments in the form of license agreements for specific games or total revenue. Schmidt, Barr and Swanson 1687) Thus, gambling taxes do not technically raise the cost of the service and encourage citizens to make better decisions, instead gambling establishments bear the majority of the burden of the tax cost. While gambling sin taxes are hard to levy on individuals for regulation, they can be a tool to monitor and stop organized crime through IRS oversight. (Schmidt, Barr and Swanson 1681) Prostitution and pornography are equally difficult to tax, each for their own, separate reasons. Prostitution, while generally considered immoral, is legal in some states and on paper is considered victimless since it is a consensual act between two adults. (Lorenzi, Taxing Antisocial Behavior for the Common Good 331) Further, taxes in this industry generally are levied on the establishment, much like gambling, and if the tax becomes too high, consumers will look for substitutes, generally illegal. Pornography is equally as difficult to tax, since so much of this product is available online. States are still trying to figure out how to charge a sales tax on online purchases, rather unsuccessfully, and pornography is no exception. Thus, taxes on this industry are limited to taxes on producers and networks, not individual consumers. (Lorenzi, Taxing Antisocial Behavior for the Common Good 331) In the end, taxes on prostitution and pornography are not as readily apparent to the consumer as with tobacco, alcohol or fuel, reducing the individual deterrent qualities of a sin tax on these goods and services. Fat Taxes Obesity rates in the United States have been rising, and as a result so have health issues and healthcare costs. (Chaufan, Hong and Fox 87) In recent years, state and federal governments have debated utilizing sin taxes to raise the cost of purchasing calorie dense foods with no nutritional value in order to deter consumption. However, these â€Å"fat taxes† are not new and have been present since the 1920’s. (Creighton 127) They are gaining in popularity as the obesity epidemic continues to cause widespread health issues. These unhealthy goods are particularly targeted by health officials because they are most commonly marketed to kids, and children who develop poor eating habits when they are young and more likely to become obese as adults. (Fletcher, Frisvold and Tefft 968) Thus, with evidence from the tobacco industry, sin taxes on unhealthy goods would seem to be a good method to encourage healthier food purchases. Further, taxing these goods could provide huge revenue increases for federal and state governments since the unhealthy food industry profits are similar to those of the alcohol industry. Fletcher, Frisvold and Tefft 968) Utilizing taxes as a mechanism to change behavior has not been as successful for curbing obesity. Taxing soft drinks has proved to discourage consumption, particularly for children and groups with limited spending capability. (Fletcher, Frisvold and Tefft 972) However, changing behaviors that lead to obesity takes more than just cutting specific foods out of a diet. For example, diets high in caloric intake can cause obesity regardless of where the calories are coming from if a person does not get enough exercise. Curbing obesity almost requires a personalized plan for each individual, focusing not only on their diet, but also exercise habits, genetic makeup, and lifestyle. (Chaufan, Hong and Fox 88) Simply targeting one factor does not help fix problems with the other factors. Further, there are too many substitutes for unhealthy junk food, allowing citizens to continue to make poor health choices, even if we target certain goods. (O’Donoghue and Rabin 1841) Ethical and Moral Considerations of Sin Taxes Sin taxes can be a valuable tool for government to raise revenue and help shape social policy. However, adding morals and values to a tax requires ethical and moral considerations above those of most other forms of taxes. These taxes are levied with a specific policy outcome in mind, yet sometimes it may be difficult to separate the government’s interest in raising revenue with the government’s overarching policy goal. Since these taxes generally have some sort of stigma attached with the goods or services taxed, it is also important to ensure these tax policies are enacted for the common good. Sin taxes have been the target of moral and ethical discussions mainly because it is hard to decide what exactly constitutes a sin. Disputes arise as legislators decide what goods and services need to be regulated for the public wellbeing. While many of the goods and services taxed as sin have historically been deemed evil, immoral, seedy, or bad; discourse about who decides these products deserve to be regulated and taxed above and beyond other goods and services must be evaluated. This seems to be the central moral question surrounding sin taxes. Should a minority of the population have to pay an extra tax to support the government simply because they partake or utilize a specific good or service? Taking this question a step further, sin taxes have the potential to raise large revenues, so is it ethical to make a few pay for government services for all? Who gets to decide how these funds will be spent, and who or what will this spending affect? (Green 70) The last overarching question surrounding the sin taxes focuses on the government’s power to tax, namely, can the government use its power to tax to shape and enforce social policies? Those in favor of sin taxes would argue there are many reasons why it is moral and ethical to require consumers who purchase these particular goods and services to pay more than the average taxpayer. Namely, sin taxes target goods and services that cause negative consequences for the public at large. (Green 68) These could be increased health care costs or higher demand for social services. It is logical, then, to require these consumers to pay more since they are directly contributing to higher government costs for all. Not only is it logical and moral to require these consumers to pay more for the added costs as a result of their consumption, higher taxes can help them make better, healthier choices. Sin taxes have been proven to reduce the consumption of specific goods and services, helping to create sustainable, prosocial behaviors for the future. (Lorenzi, Taxing Antisocial Behavior for the Common Good 328) Sin tax policies can help deter and regulate antisocial behaviors as a result of consumption of sin goods and services while simultaneously raising revenues to pay for the programming needed to help those affected by this behavior. Further, sin taxes raising money on the backs of those partaking in antisocial behavior reduce the need to tax prosocial behaviors. For example, revenue generated from sin taxes can be used to fund government business, reducing income tax costs for the larger population. (Lorenzi, Sin Taxes) Targeting these immoral behaviors and using them to fund governmental operations ensures those engaged in prosocial behavior are not bearing a larger share of the cost of government. This is an attractive and easy sale to the public since higher taxes make all citizens unhappy. Sin taxes on paper are extremely regressive, and as a result unfavorable to many. However, lifetime incidence studies prove the effects of these taxes on lower income taxpayers is about equal to those in middle or higher income households. (Poterba 327) Those who oppose sin taxes see the value they bring to both government revenues as well as the common good; however these positives do not outweigh the negative ethical and moral implications. First and foremost, opponents of sin taxes believe it is immoral for the government to rely on funding from the very behaviors it has deemed sinful and therefore is trying to regulate or change. Lorenzi, The Moral Grounds of Sin Taxes 68) Opponents see sin taxes as a stepping stone to banning certain goods and services, which should be a social policy decision supported by the public, not forced on them through prohibitive taxes. (Viscusi 547) Opponents therefore do not believe taxes should be used as a mechanism to enforce social policies or en act social change. (Creighton 135) In essence, the government is taking away the individual’s autonomy, legislating they should not purchase certain goods and products. (Green 72) This is a difficult issue to balance, Americans value independence and the freedom to choose. Further, sin taxes are regressive, putting the large burden of payment on those with the least ability to pay. (Hines 65) In slow economic times, when governments tend to raise sin taxes to help close the revenue and expenditure gap, sin taxes could actually hurt the economy, pushing these citizens to the end of their economic resources. (Johnson and Meier 582) In the end, the same population the government is targeting to raise the revenue would be the same population in need of government services once their resources were depleted. Further, utilizing sin taxes as a form of punishment or regulation directly competes with the message of the general tax code, namely, every citizen has the obligation to pay their taxes and support the government. The United States evolved their tax system from one based on consumption and tariffs to one based on taxing income based on the ability to pay. Sin taxes do not fit fairly into this carefully crafted tax structure we use today, sending the public mixed messages about citizen’s role in the taxation process. Lastly, opponents of sin taxes are skeptical if they are actually reaching the policy outcomes intended. Studies show increased prices on certain goods and services reduces consumption, however there could be many other factors contributing to the decline in usage. For example, reduced consumption might be a result of heightened public awareness about the health risks, greater access to prevention and rehabilitation, harsher criminal legislation surrounding a specific behavior, or any number of other factors. Further, sin taxes on some goods, like unhealthy foods, really do not work at all since there are so many additional factors that might be contributing to the issue. Chaufan, Hong and Fox 87) Opponents also are skeptical sin taxes even reduce consumption since the presence of similar or equal substitutes might encourage consumers to find these goods and services elsewhere, such as illegal gambling establishments or black market cigarettes. (Johnson and Meier 591) The availability of substitutes could in turn create greater antisocial behavior and costs to the government in the form of criminal investigation, prevention, and added health risks from unsafe goods and services. Conclusion Taxes are an inevitable fee all must pay to support the government. Citizens vest the power to tax with governments in return for government services. Governments take the power to tax a step further with sin taxes, not only raising revenue but also enacting or enforcing social policy. Sin taxes have been used successfully throughout history, particularly when citizens unanimously agree a sin exists. Sin taxes have also been successful in regulating or curbing consumption resulting in antisocial behavior as well as generating revenue. On the surface, it would seem as if sin taxes are a great way to raise revenues and influence or enforce social policy. However, there are many ethical and moral implications surrounding sin taxes. Digging deeper into the positive and negative consequences of these taxes sheds light on the inherent problematic nature of the tax, and leads to questions about its place in the American tax structure. Legislators must be cognizant of these moral and ethical questions before deciding to enact taxes that could potentially be discriminatory to some members of society. These taxes should be evaluated on a case by case basis, with clear and measureable policy outcomes included in the evaluation. Policy outcomes that are not easily measured may not be the best use of sin tax influence for social change. In the end, taxes on goods or services labeled as sinful have great potential to raise revenue, and as a result these taxes are popular to help close revenue and expenditure gaps. Perhaps sin taxes are a great case study for tax structures based on consumption instead of income. Hines 69) Sin taxes target consumption, and this seems to work well to raise revenue for the government. Many of the ethical and moral questions surrounding the use of sin taxes to influence social change could be eliminated within a tax structure based on consumption; however this shift would be a major tax reform in the United States. This may not be the answer we are looking for, yet sin taxes provide a window in which to examine tax policy, and possibly change the way our tax structures work in the future. Works Cited American Economic Association. Consumption and Other Indirect Taxes. † American Economic Review 9 (1919): 49-62. American Medical Association. â€Å"State Cigarette Excise Taxes-United States, 2009. † MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2010. Boyd, Roy and Barry J. Seldon. â€Å"Revenue and Land-Use Effects of Proposed Changes in Sin Taxes: A General Equilibrium Perspective. † Land Economics 67. 3 (1991): 365-374. Chaufan, Claudia, Gee Hee Hong and Patrick Fox. â€Å"†Sin-Food† Taxes and Sugar-Sweetened Beverages–The Right Policy For the Wrong Reasons? † American Journal of Health Promotion 25. (2010): 87-90. Creighton, Robert. â€Å"Fat Taxes: The Newest Manifestation of the Age-Old Excise Tax. † Journal of Legal Medicine 31 (2010): 123-136. Fletcher, Jason M. , David E. Frisvold and Nathan Tefft. â€Å"The Effects of Soft Drink Taxes on Child and Adolescent Consumption and Weight Outcomes. † Journal of Public Economics 94 (2010): 967-974. Green, Rebecca. â€Å"The Ethics of Sin Taxes. † Public Health Nursing 28. 1 (2010): 68-77. Gruber, Jonathan. â€Å"Tobacco At the Crossroads: The Past and Future of Smoking Regulation in the United States. † Journal of Economic Perspectives 15. (2001): 193-212. Hines, James R. Jr. â€Å"Taxing Consumption and Other Sins. † Journal of Economic Perspectives 21. 1 (2007): 49-68. Johnson, Cathy M. and Kenneth J. Meier. â€Å"The Wages of Sin: Taxing America’s Legal Vices. † The Western Political Quarterly 43. 3 (1990): 577-595. Lorenzi, Peter. â€Å"Sin Taxes. † Social Science and Public Policy 41. 3 (2004): 59-65. —. â€Å"Taxing Antisocial Behavior for the Common Good. † Society 47. 4 (2010): 328-332. —. â€Å"The Moral Grounds of Sin Taxes. † Society 44. 1 (2006): 67-71. Mikesell, John L. Fiscal Administration. Belmont, CA: Thompson Wadsworth, 2007. O’Donoghue, Ted and Matthew Rabin. â€Å"Optimal Sin Taxes. † Journal of Public Economics 90 (2006): 1825-1849. Poterba, James M. â€Å"Lifetime INcidence and the Diatributional Burden of Excise Taxes. † American Economic Review 79. 2 (1989): 325-330. Schmidt, Robert, Charles F. Barr and David A. Swanson. â€Å"Socioeconomic Impacts of the Proposed Federal Gaming Tax. † International Journal of Public Administration 20. 8-9 (1997): 1675-1698. Viscusi, W. Kip. â€Å"Promoting Smokers’ Welfare With Responsible Taxation. † National Tax Journal 47. 3 (1994): 547-558. How to cite Sin Taxes, Papers

Linking Brand Personality to Employer †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Linking Brand Personality to Employer. Answer: Introduction: There strategic form of management is the process through which the formulation, implementation and the evaluation of the objectives of the organization is achieved. The strategic management of the organization includes the plan of the problem perception, substantial resources, innovations, decision making, taking the risks and facing the various forms of uncertainty. The benefits of strategic management allow the identification, exploration and the prioritisation of the opportunities for the employees of the organization. It provides several views of the objectives for the problems of the management. It also represents the framework of the improved form of the coordination for controlling the activities. The following essay enumerates the various benefits of HR activities that help to have a better form of communication within the organization. It also focuses on the over promising attitudes of the employees and how the attitude is harmful or beneficial for the organization. In todays world, the environment of the business is changing at a high level and it has its major impact on the climate of the market of the laborers. In 2013, McKinsey and Co observed that the companies are facing various forms of difficulty while they were attracting and training the great talents and that will continue for two more decades. It has also been observed that the aging workforce that the number of workers in the age group of 20 to 29 years will fall by the marginal amount of 20 % and the number of the workers who are in the age group of 50 to 60 years will increase by an amount of 25 % in this period of two decades. Consequently, there is a decreasing amount of workforce in the companies which are already in the fight with the others about their reduced number of the talented employees. However, there remains no questions regarding the form of equation within the non-sustainable form of the companies that are facing the hard time and who performs the needed strategies for gain and maintaining their positions that will be highly valued for the companies by the potential and existing number of employees. The case study at the Cochlear is the manufacturer of the medical device who highlights how devolving HR to the line can facilitate organizational change to lean manufacturing (Gollan, Kalfa Xu, 2015). This qualitative case study provides the transitions of the lean manufacturing practices in the effectively facilitated by the principles of HRM be developed based on the responsibilities of the HR department. The keywords for this study are Organizational change, Australia and the strategic HRM. There are two fold of forms of the contribution in the study. Firstly, the study develops the SHRM form of literature on the devolvement to the line, through the examination of the practices of the HR and to their effect on the various implementations of the lean practices on a transformational context of change of the organization (Gollan, Kalfa Xu, 2015). Secondly, the journal has specific implications for the practice for the front line managers for implementing the policies of HR that are drawn from one of the most successful manufacturer of medicines of Australia. Various strategies are developed in the human resource management. The literatures of the SHRM have been focused on the link that exists between the HRM and the organizational performances. However, several scholar have argued that some of the developing responsibilities of the HR is to line the managers for enabling them to have a faster decision making ability to line the reality of the business (Gollan, Kalfa Xu, 2015).. This Cochlear study has been contributed to the debate on the SHRM and the role of line managers in the implementing of the change in the organization. There are increasing growths in the organization for focusing on the implications of the brands of the employer and the various processes that are helpful for differentiating the workers from the competitors for offering a more attractive place for their top talents to work. In this article, there are review of the constructs in the marketing and the resources of the HR (Cascio Graham, 2016). Researchers have shown that the employees often considers the employer of the organization to be more appealing and attractive when it comes to the organization being successful and when they start to value the various attributes of the product and services of the organization (Viktoria, Rampl Kenning, 2014). The outcomes of these services are well observed when there are attractive external images. There are journal reports about the different managerial approaches for the engagement of the employees in the two most contrasting form of the organizations. This study outlines the situated and the critical form of the reading of the organizations to have a better way to appreciate with the management and the practices that are very complex, contested, context specific, locally enacted and emergent, and they are thereby providing the new insight for the inherent form of challenges to deliver them to the engaged employees The perception with which the women leaves for work due to their huge responsibilities of the family and it often underpins their differential treatment of the women and men in the organization. Therefore, the current study examines the reasons for the departure of the women. Moreover, the responsibility of the family continues to be the explanation of the popular practitioners who are women in an organization (Sandberg, 2013). Hence, there are their present form of the scarcity in the senior management. However, this popular explanation is somewhat partially fuelled by the reports of the media. It is important to correct inaccurate perceptions of womens work commitment and why they leave. Inaccurate perceptions contribute to the mismanagement of human resources and, hence, to costly personal (e.g. slow career advancement, and dissatisfaction with work and family life (Wolf, 2013). This main objective of the study was to understand the importance of the responsibilities of the family in the absence of the women from the organization (Wolf, 2013). For the small proportion that is only 11 percent of the interviewees, responsibilities of the family were obviously the sole form of the chief drivers for leaving the organizations. This percentage is very much similar that are found from the past quantitative and qualitative research on reasons for turnover. The employees of the organizations everyday makes different forms of realistic promises, commitments about the productivity in their work which they want to provide and which they needs to fulfill. Nevertheless, to question or to challenge the authority of the organization at their face of being the one to rock the boat is observed as a very dangerous aspect. Holding of the boss who are accountable for the overpromising attributes are very much painful. Therefore the essay enumerates the various attributes of the Human resource management and also tells about the causes of the over promising attitudes of the employees in the References Cascio, W. F., Graham, B. Z. (2016). New Strategic Role for HR: Leading the Employer-Branding Process.Organization Management Journal,13(4), 182-192. Gollan, P. J., Kalfa, S., Xu, Y. (2015). Strategic HRM and devolving HR to the line: Cochlear during the shift to lean manufacturing.Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources,53(2), 144-162. Sandberg, S. (2013).Lean in: Women, work, and the will to lead. Random House. Viktoria Rampl, L., Kenning, P. (2014). Employer brand trust and affect: linking brand personality to employer brand attractiveness.European Journal of Marketing,48(1/2), 218-236. Wolf, N. (2013).The beauty myth: How images of beauty are used against women. Random House.